Papers & Publications
42 publications spanning 1989–2023
- 2023
Supercell tornado lead time and low-level lapse rates
Rejected by one reviewer but contains good material using a sizable dataset showing how lapse rates in low levels often impact tornadic supercells.
Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology (submitted, rejected)
- 2020
Tornado forecasting class notes — ChaserCon 2020
Notes from a tornado forecasting class taught at ChaserCon 2020. Helpful to beginners and as a refresher for forecasters and storm chasers with some experience.
ChaserCon 2020
- 2019
Tornado forecasting class notes — ChaserCon 2019
Notes from a tornado forecasting class taught at ChaserCon 2019. Helpful to beginners and as a refresher for forecasters and storm chasers with some experience.
ChaserCon 2019
- 2019
Tornadic mesocyclone interactions and a storm tour accident: The Lawrence-Linwood, Kansas high-precipitation supercell of 28 May 2019
Rejected as possibly too controversial, but contains good material for spotters and chasers about high-precipitation supercells and where tornadoes may be hidden within the storm structure and rain.
Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology (submitted, rejected)
- 2017
Meteorological setting for a catastrophic event: The deadly Joplin tornado of 22 May 2011
The only known paper examining the meteorological setting and environment for the historically deadly Joplin tornado event.
Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology, 12 (3), 1-23
- 2011
Tornado forecasting class notes — ChaserCon 2011-2012
Notes from a tornado forecasting class taught at ChaserCon 2011-2012. Helpful to beginners and as a refresher for forecasters and storm chasers with some experience.
ChaserCon 2011-2012
- 2009
Environmental characteristics associated with nighttime tornadoes
Uses a large dataset to show how nighttime tornado settings often differ from daytime settings.
NWA Electronic Journal of Operational Meteorology, 2009-EJ3
- 2009Significant nighttime tornadoes in the plains associated with relatively stable low-level conditions
NWA Electronic Journal of Operational Meteorology, 2009-EJ4
- 2008
Three strong tornado events in 2008 associated with boundary intersections and narrow instability axes near 700-mb lows
Dovetails with other work about tornadoes associated with cold-core mid-level lows.
Preprints, 24th Conf. Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., paper P3.14
- 2007The North Dakota tornadic supercells of 18 July 2004: issues concerning high LCL heights and evapotranspiration
Weather and Forecasting, 22, 1200-1213
- 2007
Storm Chasers! On the Trail of Twisters
A full-color book for middle school and late grade school readers about tornadoes and storm chasing, with up-to-date information at the time of publication.
Farcountry Publishing, Helena, Montana
- 2006
Tornadoes with cold core 500-mb lows
Seminal peer-reviewed study about tornadoes associated with cold-core mid-level lows.
Weather and Forecasting, 21, 1051-1062
- 2006Photographs and analysis of an unusually large and long-lived firewhirl
Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology, vol. 1, no. 2
- 2006Hurricane and tropical cyclone tornado environments from RUC proximity soundings
Preprints, 23rd Conf. Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., paper P8.1
- 2006RUC soundings with cool season tornadoes in small CAPE settings and the 6 November 2005 Evansville, Indiana tornado
Preprints, 23rd Conf. Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., paper 4.3
- 2006Tornadoes in environments with small helicity and/or high LCL heights
Weather and Forecasting, 21, 579-594
- 2006Total CAPE, low-level CAPE, and LFC in significant tornado events with relatively high LCL heights
Preprints, 23rd Conf. Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., paper P1.3
- 2005
Tornadoes in non-mesocyclone environments with pre-existing vertical vorticity along convergence boundaries
A study about a common setting for landspout tornadoes and hybrid tornadoes combining non-mesocyclone and mesocyclone processes.
NWA Electronic Journal of Operational Meteorology, June 2005
- 2004
A preliminary climatology of tornado events with closed cold core 500 mb lows in the central and eastern United States
Good companion to other work about tornadoes associated with cold-core mid-level lows.
Preprints CD, 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., paper 7B.4
- 2004Tornadoes in a deceptively small CAPE environment: The 20 April 2004 outbreak in Illinois and Indiana
Preprints CD, 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., paper P1.3
- 2004
Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells
A study about how convective inhibition (CIN) is a limiting factor for tornadoes in settings where supercells form within areas having sizable CIN.
Weather and Forecasting, 19, 714-726
- 2002Mesoscale environment factors in the D.C. area tornado event of 24 September 2001
Preprints, 21st Conf. Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 551-554
- 2002The 29 May 2001 Lamar, Colorado tornadic event
Preprints, 21st Conf. Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 575-578
- 2002
On low-level thermodynamic parameters associated with tornadic and non-tornadic supercells
A good study about 0-3 km CAPE and low-level CAPE associated with tornadic supercell storms.
Preprints, 21st Conf. Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 603-606
- 2002Significant tornadoes in environments with relatively weak shear
Preprints, 21st Conf. Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 651-654
- 1998On supercell motion in weaker wind environments
Preprints, 19th Conf. Severe Local Storms, Minneapolis, MN, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 685-688
- 1996Deep layer shear as a refinement to CAPE and low-level shear in tornado forecasting
Preprints, 18th Conf. Severe Local Storms, San Francisco, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 698-702
- 1995
A look at the energy-helicity index
Informal article discussing the energy-helicity index in layman terms relating to forecasting tornadoes.
Storm Track, May 1995
- 1995
Hodographs and helicity (computing helicity)
Informal article discussing wind profiles and wind shear, and the EHI (energy-helicity index) in layman terms relating to forecasting tornadoes.
Storm Track, Feb. 1995
- 1994
Some noteworthy aspects of the Hesston, Kansas, tornado family of 13 March 1990
A cherished opportunity to work with well-known and highly-respected researchers. Did much to help establish a research career.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 75, 1007-1017
- 1994
Supercells — nature's violent storm
Discusses supercell storms in simple language. Features illustrations by iconic storm chaser David Hoadley.
National Science Teachers Association
- 1993
Comments concerning my experiences on 5/5/93 in southwest Kansas
An account of an arrest while storm chasing in southwest Kansas. Submitted to Storm Track but never published. Foreshadows the chaser road crowding and law enforcement friction that has become an increasing issue in the years since.
Submitted to Storm Track, 1993 — not published
- 1993An examination of the relationship of 0-2 km AGL positive wind shear to potential buoyant energy in strong and violent tornado situations
Preprints, 16th Conf. Severe Local Storms, Kananaskis Park, Alberta, Canada, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 593-598
- 1993
Hourly helicity, instability, and EHI in forecasting supercell tornadoes
Good introductory paper about the energy-helicity index.
Preprints, 17th Conf. Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 107-111
- 1993
Small tornadic supercells in the central plains
Good introductory paper about tornadoes associated with cold-core mid-level lows.
Preprints, 17th Conf. Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 305-309
- 1993The Tampa area tornadoes of October 3, 1992: An examination using hourly rotational parameters
Preprints, 13th Conf. Wea. Analysis & Forecasting, Vienna, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 494-499
- 1993
Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part 1. Wind shear and helicity
Prized work with mentor Bob Johns at SPC/NSSFC. This material was also the basis for developing the energy-helicity index.
The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. Geophys. Monogr., No. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 573-582
- 1993Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part 2. Variations in the combinations of wind and instability parameters
The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. Geophys. Monogr., No. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 583-590
- 1991
The tornado outbreak of April 26
Contributed the first chapter of this comprehensive book about the F5 Andover, Kansas tornado.
In: Tornado: Terror and Survival — The Andover Tornado April 26, 1991. H. Inglish, editor. Counseling Center of Butler County, Andover, Kansas.
- 1990
Midget supercell spawns tornadoes
First published non-technical article, showing photos of a small supercell associated with a cold-core low aloft. Among the first published photos showing a full view of a tornadic mini-supercell associated with a cold-core mid-level low pressure system.
Weatherwise, October 1990, 260-261
- 1990
Year of the Storms — the Destructive Kansas Weather of 1990
Technical advisor and photo contributor for this book, which included an overview of the F5 Hesston tornado.
Hearth Publishing, Hillsboro, Kansas
- 1989On the use of shear magnitudes and hodographs in forecasting
Preprints, 12th Conf. Wea. Analysis & Forecasting, Monterey, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 219-224